Introduction to Information Technology
Data is raw facts consists number,character, symbol, picture even sounds.information is meaningful and useful.Data and information have garbage in , garbage out and data integrity is lost. nowadays, information technology, changing economics and busines practice. and also made the new ways of organizing work.
What is the meaning of the information technology? okay, this is the answer. information technology is any computer-based tool that people used to work with information and to support the information and information-processing needs of an organisation. so, i wanna to tell you that information has two structure. firstly, architecture which a high level map or plan of the information assets in an organisation. and infrastructure is the physical facilities, IT components, IT services, and IT personnel that support an entire organisation. There are three types of globalization which are 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0.
Ha. okay. safe acquainted Sem 2. first of all. I want to talk about information, communication, and technology. you'll have to review this information. read. and learn. Communication consists of the Internet, email and so on. technology for me, I own a mobile phone, laptop, camera nikon, pendrive, computers, radios and so that all kinds. so, for Iam. ICT is healthcare,science, education,banking, Goverment, and bussines. Learn that, for me to collect knowledge from people who have to know, learn about that. In business, I want to tell it includes bilateral, bilateral organizations, and organizations with the external organization. you need a phone, video,email multimedia communication and laptop to facilitate ICT and technology is a basic infrastructure necessary for economic and social development of a country.
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What is system?. actually, system is a set of elements or components. It have inputs, processing mechanism, outputs and feedback.Information system is a combination of hardware, software, infrastructure and trained personnel organized to facilitate planning, control, coordination, and decision making in an organization. So, examples of components of computer based information system are hardware, software, people, telecomunication, procedure, and database. these components are used to build as image of information technologies. Information system framework consists management, IT, busines and development.
A computer-based information system (CBIS) is an information consists of the following elements:
• Hardware: The term hardware refers to machinery. This category includes the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit (CPU), and all of its support equipments. Among the support equipments are input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices.
• Software: The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals (if any) that support them. Computer programs are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the CBIS to function in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are generally stored on some input / output medium-often a disk or tape.
• Data: Data are facts that are used by program to produce useful information. Like programs, data are generally stored in machine-readable from on disk or tape until the computer needs them.
• Procedures: procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer system. "Procedures are to people what software is to hardware" is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of procedures in a CBIS.
• People: Every CBIS needs people if it is to be useful. Often the most over-looked element of the CBIS is the people: probably the components that most influence the success or failure of information system.
Five Types of Information Systems
Information systems are constantly changing and evolving as technology continues to grow. Very importantly the information systems described below are not mutually exclusive and some (especially Expert Systems, Management Information Systems and Executive Information Systems are can be seen as a subset of Decision Support Systems). However these examples are not the only overlaps and the divions of these information systems will change over time.
At present there are five main types:
· Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) · Decision Support Systems (DSS) · Expert Information Systems (EIS) · Management Information Systems (MIS · Office Automation Systems (OAS) |
EXAMPLE of INFORMATION SYSTEM
In conclusion, Information system can be any organized combination of people, hardward, softward, communitcation networks and data resources that collects, transforms and disseminates in an organization. End Users who use the informatio systems or the information its product. Most of end users in business are knowledge worker and spend more of their time on communicating and collaborating in term of workgroups and creating, using, distributing informatioin in an organization.Accurate information is crucial to an organizations current and future success. Information is a key ingredient in both short and long-term decision making. Among factors that contribute to the need for timely and accurate information are expanded markets, increase competition, shorter product life cycles and increased cost pressure. Value of information is directly linked to help decision maker achieve their goals.
Week 5
Types of Information Systems |
Organisations and individuals use different types of systems for different purposes. Here are some of the main types of information systems and their uses. Components of information systems: people, software, hardware, equipment, procedures, data.The main ones you need to know are TPS, MIS & DSS, and EIS. |
Transaction processing system (TPS):A TPS collects and stores information about transactions, and controls some aspects of transactions. A transaction is an event of interest to the organization . e.g. a sale at a store. A TPS is a basic business system. It: - is often tied to other systems such as the inventory system which tracks stock supplies and triggers reordering when stocks get low;
- serves the most elementary day-to-day activities of an organisation;
- supports the operational level of the business;
- supplies data for higher-level management decisions (e.g. MIS, EIS);
- is often critical to survival of the organisation;
- mostly for predefined, structured tasks;
- can have strategic consequences (eg airline reservation system);
- usually has high volumes of input and output;
- provides data which is summarised into information by systems used by higher levels of management;
- need to be fault-tolerant.
On-line transaction processing: A transaction processing mode in which transactions entered on-line are immediately processed by the CPU. |
Decision support system (DSS): Helps strategic management staff (often senior managers) make decisions by providing information, models, or analysis tools. For support of semistructured and unstructured decisions (structured decisions can be automated). Used for analytical work, rather than general office support.They are flexible, adaptable and quick. The user controls inputs and outputs. They support the decision process and often are sophisticated modelling tools so managers can make simulations and predictions. Their inputs are aggregate data, and they produce projections. An example job for a DSS would be a 5 year operating plan. |
Management information system (MIS) : Condenses and converts TPS data into information for monitoring performance and managing an organisation.Transactions recorded in a TPS are analyzed and reported by an MIS. They have large quantities of input data and they produce summary reports as output. Used by middle managers. An example is an annual budgeting system. |
Executive information system (EIS): Also known as an Executive Support System (ESS), it provides executives information in a readily accessible, interactive format. They are a form of MIS intended for top-level executive use. An EIS/ESS usually allows summary over the entire organisation and also allows drilling down to specific levels of detail. They also use data produced by the ground-level TPS so the executives can gain an overview of the entire organisation.Used by top level (strategic) management. They are designed to the individual. They let the CEO of an organisation tie in to all levels of the organisation. They are very expensive to run and require extensive staff support to operate. |
Office automation system (OAS) : OAS provides individuals effective ways to process personal and organisational data, perform calculations, and create documents. e.g. word processing, spreadsheets, file managers, personal calendars, presentation packagesThey are used for increasing personal productivity and reducing "paper warfare". OAS software tools are often integrated (e.g. Word processor can import a graph from a spreadsheet) and designed for easy operation. Communication systems: helps people work together by sharing information in many different forms
Teleconferencing (including audioconferencing, computer conferencing, videoconferencing), electronic mail, voice mail, fax Groupware system: helps teams work together by providing access to team data, structuring communication, and making it easier to schedule meetings. For sharing information, controlling work flows, communication/integration of work
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There are another types of information system which are office automation system ,end use computing system , business Information System, strategic Information System, and enterprise Resource Planning system .
Database basics
This topic provides a brief overview of databases — what they are, why you might want to use one, and what the different parts of a database do. The terminology is geared toward Microsoft Office Access 2007 databases, but the concepts apply to all database products.
In this article
A database is a tool for collecting and organizing information. Databases can store information about people, products, orders, or anything else. Many databases start as a list in a word-processing program or spreadsheet. As the list grows bigger, redundancies and inconsistencies begin to appear in the data. The data becomes hard to understand in list form, and there are limited ways of searching or pulling subsets of data out for review. Once these problems start to appear, it's a good idea to transfer the data to a database created by a database management system (DBMS), such as Office Access 2007.
A computerized database is a container of objects. One database can contain more than one table. For example, an inventory tracking system that uses three tables is not three databases, but one database that contains three tables. Unless it has been specifically designed to use data or code from another source, an Access database stores its tables in a single file, along with other objects, such as forms, reports, macros, and modules. Databases created in the Access 2007 format have the file extension .accdb, and databases created in earlier Access formats have the file extension .mdb. You can use Access 2007 to create files in earlier file formats (for example, Access 2000 and Access 2002-2003).
Using Access, you can:
· Add new data to a database, such as a new item in an inventory
· Edit existing data in the database, such as changing the current location of an item
· Delete information, perhaps if an item is sold or discarded
· Organize and view the data in different ways
· Share the data with others via reports, e-mail messages, an intranet , or the Internet
The parts of an Access database The following sections are short descriptions of the parts of a typical Access database. To learn more about each part, follow the links in the See Also section of this article.
A database table is similar in appearance to a spreadsheet, in that data is stored in rows and columns. As a result, it is usually quite easy to import a spreadsheet into a database table. The main difference between storing your data in a spreadsheet and storing it in a database is in how the data is organized.
To get the most flexibility out of a database, the data needs to be organized into tables so that redundancies don't occur. For example, if you're storing information about employees, each employee should only need to be entered once in a table that is set up just to hold employee data. Data about products will be stored in its own table, and data about branch offices will be stored in another table. This process is called normalization.
Each row in a table is referred to as a record. Records are where the individual pieces of information are stored. Each record consists of one or more fields. Fields correspond to the columns in the table. For example, you might have a table named "Employees" where each record (row) contains information about a different employee, and each field (column) contains a different type of information, such as first name, last name, address, and so on. Fields must be designated as a certain data type, whether it's text, date or time, number, or some other type.
Another way to describe records and fields is to visualize a library's old-style card catalog. Each card in the cabinet corresponds to a record in the database. Each piece of information on an individual card (author, title, and so on) corresponds to a field in the database.
Forms are sometimes referred to as "data entry screens." They are the interfaces you use to work with your data, and they often contain command buttons that perform various commands. You can create a database without using forms by simply editing your data in the table datasheets. However, most database users prefer to use forms for viewing, entering, and editing data in the tables.
Forms provide an easy-to-use format for working with the data, and you can also add functional elements, such as command buttons, to them. You can program the buttons to determine which data appears on the form, open other forms or reports, or perform a variety of other tasks. For example, you might have a form named "Customer Form" in which you work with customer data. The customer form might have a button which opens an order form where you can enter a new order for that customer.
Forms also allow you to control how other users interact with the data in the database. For example, you can create a form that shows only certain fields and allows only certain operations to be performed. This helps protect data and to ensure that the data is entered properly.
Reports are what you use to summarize and present data in the tables. A report usually answers a specific question, such as "How much money did we receive from each customer this year?" or "What cities are our customers located in?" Each report can be formatted to present the information in the most readable way possible.
A report can be run at any time, and will always reflect the current data in the database. Reports are generally formatted to be printed out, but they can also be viewed on the screen, exported to another program, or sent as e-mail message.
Queries are the real workhorses in a database, and can perform many different functions. Their most common function is to retrieve specific data from the tables. The data you want to see is usually spread across several tables, and queries allow you to view it in a single datasheet. Also, since you usually don't want to see all the records at once, queries let you add criteria to "filter" the data down to just the records you want. Queries often serve as the record source for forms and reports.
Certain queries are "updateable," meaning you can edit the data in the underlying tables via the query datasheet. If you are working in an updateable query, remember that your changes are actually being made in the tables, not just in the query datasheet.
Queries come in two basic varieties: select queries and action queries. A select query simply retrieves the data and makes it available for use. You can view the results of the query on the screen, print it out, or copy it to the clipboard. Or, you can use the output of the query as the record source for a form or report.
An action query, as the name implies, performs a task with the data. Action queries can be used to create new tables, add data to existing tables, update data, or delete data.
Macros in Access can be thought of as a simplified programming language which you can use to add functionality to your database. For example, you can attach a macro to a command button on a form so that the macro runs whenever the button is clicked. Macros contain actions that perform tasks, such as opening a report, running a query, or closing the database. Most database operations that you do manually can be automated by using macros, so they can be great time-saving devices.
Modules, like macros, are objects you can use to add functionality to your database. Whereas you create macros in Access by choosing from a list of macro actions, you write modules in the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) programming language. A module is a collection of declarations, statements, and procedures that are stored together as a unit. A module can be either a class module or a standard module. Class modules are attached to forms or reports, and usually contain procedures that are specific to the form or report they're attached to. Standard modules contain g
Challenges in information system are cost, difficult to build, security, information overload and employee mistrust.
Opportunities of information system are Enhanced global competitiveness, Support corporate strategy, mprove quality of goods and services, and Enhance worker productivity.
Methodologies: What and Why?
Software engineering is the practice of using selected process techniques to improve the quality of a software development effort. This is based on the assumption, subject to endless debate and supported by patient experience, that a methodical approach to software development results in fewer defects and, therefore, ultimately provides shorter delivery times and better value. The documented collection of policies, processes and procedures used by a development team or organization to practice software engineering is called its software development methodology (SDM) or system development life cycle (SDLC).
Methodology as Risk Management
The challenge in selecting and following a methodology is to do it wisely -- to provide sufficient process disciplines to deliver the quality required for business success, while avoiding steps that waste time, squander productivity, demoralize developers, and create useless administrivia. The best approach for applying a methodology is to consider it as a means to manage risk. You can identify risks by looking at past projects. If your organization has been plagued by problems resulting from poor requirements management, then a robust requirements management methodology would be well advised. Once this problem has been solved, through a repeatable process, the organization might then streamline its process, while ensuring that quality is maintained.
Every step along the system development life cycle has its own risks and a number of available techniques to improve process discipline and resulting output quality. Moving through the development life cycle, you might encounter the following major steps:
- Project charter and business case
- Definition of the business process and business requirements
- Documentation of user, functional and system requirements
- Top level architecture, technical approach, and system design
- System decomposition into component and unit specifications and design
- Coding, unit test planning, and unit test
- Generation of test data for unit testing and system testing
- System integration and testing
- Implementation, delivery and cut-over
- Training and user support
- System upgrades and routine software maintenance
In addition, you might have support activities throughout the development effort such as:
- Configuration management (version identification, baseline management and change control)
- Requirements management and tracability
- Quality management (quality assurance, quality reviews, defect tracking)
- System engineering reviews (requirements review, prelim. and critical design reviews, etc.)
- Support environment (development tools, libraries, files management, data manag
Internet & World Wide Web How to Program, 4/e | |
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TestimonialsI figured that since I was going through these examples from the book, I’d take this opportunity to express to you how much I love this text. Of all the computer science classes I’ve had and all of the different books I’ve purchased and read as a part of the educational process, yours is by far the best.
Setting up your website – Basic Steps This website runs on the free website building software called wordpress (more detailed definition below) which is used by millions of people online in the world. I am going to teach you how to get a website like this up and running today. Once you have achieved this you can start customizing it yourself. To set up a website, you need the following three things: · Choose a domain name · Sign up for website hosting · Create your website using wordpress Setting up the above three things shouldn’t take more then around 10 minutes, but only if you use the right tools. I am about to show you the right tools and will explain web hosting and creating a website in the steps below.
Step 1 – Choosing The Right Domain NameJust like having a telephone number that is unique to you and only you so people can call you. A domain name is also unique to you so people can see your website on the internet. A domain name is your unique address that can be used on the internet. It is what you see after the “www.” in your browser and its what comes after the @ symbol in your email. For example tom@make-a-web-site.com, where www.make-a-web-site.com is the domain name.If you already have a domain name you can use that too. Domain TipsYour domain is important. Coming up with the name shouldn’t be hard. It should either be a cool catchy name or a description of what the site is about. For example, facebook.com is cool and catchy and has nothing to do about social network. On the other hand creditcards.com explains exactly what the website is about. § -Make it simple § -Register a .com domain name were possible. § -Keep it short. (e.g. rockingchairdesign.com instead of bobsbesttipstomakearockingchair.com ) § -Register is for more than 2 years Where To Get Your Domain Name ?Before we register a domain name you need to learn about website hosting. And once you’ve done that I will show you how to get a FREE domain name when you setup your new website.
Step 2 – HostingWebsite hosting is where you put your website (the files), that allows you to show your website to other people on the internet. Everyone around the world can view it once that has been done uploaded. It does however matter which web hosting company that you use and I will explain why below. You are on my website right now about how to create a website. To do this I have to host it on a server in a warehouse somewhere so that you can come and visit my site. This is the only cost you have to pay when you create a website. I pay $6 per month to have this website hosting so you can see it today. The Cost of website hosting: $6-7 per month OR $150 for 2 years. You will normally pay upfront for website hosting. I recommend signing up for at least two years so it will cost $150 with bluehost (that’s $75 per year) (Disclosure: We are a professional review site that receives compensation from the companies whose products we review. We test each product thoroughly and give high marks to only the very best. We are independently owned and the opinions expressed here are our own.)
Why sign up for more than 2 years?Bluehost offer several package options when you sign up for website hosting and a domain name. You can choose to signup for a 1 year, 2 year or 3 year package. They are all really affordable. I suggest you sign up for at least a 2 year hosting package. The reason why is because search engines like Google, Yahoo and Bing rank websites higher in the search engines the longer they are registered. A lot of your visitors will come from Google, Yahoo and Bing. These search engines tend to rank sites that are registered for a longer period of time higher in the search results. This means you can get more visitors to your website. If you are selling something online like a product or service then potentially you are going to make more money. Personally I always sign up for a 3 year account when I register a new domain name and hosting account.
Step 3 – Creating A Website – The StepsNow you know that you need a domain name and website hosting I am going to explain to you how to get a website built so that you can signup at the bottom of this page and setup your new website. What to use to make your website ?WordPress is what I recommend to build your website or blog. I may be bais but wordpress is the best platform to build your website on. It accounts for about 25% of all new websites in the world and is currently the most popular CMS(Content management system) in use on the Internet. It allows you build a website without having to write any website code or know any website design. It is ideal for people who know nothing about website design. Plus wordpress is free. Setting up WordPress on Bluehost website hosting is very easy. See the instructions below (Watch Me Make A Website With Bluehost). Why Do We Use WordPress For Websites ?A few years ago setting up a wordpress site on your domain and hosting would have taken forever. There would be lots of files to upload and you would have needed to learn the technical aspects which could take days to learn. Today it is as simple as clicking a few buttons and it is finished. Because it is web based and operates on the internet it will work on any computer (PC or Mac) and any browser (internet explorer, safari etc.) and even more modern devices like (Smart phones, Iphones, Ipads) To edit your worpdress website all you have to do is add new pages with a name and add pictures and video if you like. WordPress will automatically create the sites design with the menubar and all the links. If you want to create a blog, that functionality is inbuilt as well.
Watch Me Make A Website With Bluehost…
If you watch the video below I will step you through exactly how I make a blog in under 4 minutes. You can watch me go through the process of choosing a domain name, getting the right blog hosting package, signing up for bluehost, making my bluehost account and then finally setting up and install my blog. Then I will show you how to login to you blog and start your first blog post.
WE SHAring our FEEling when studying this subject
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